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\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0637\u0631\u062d\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f (new institutional economics) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a (economic coordination)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0637\u0631\u062d\u0647 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 “\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0634\u0645\u0644” (\u06356)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0651\u062f \u0641\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0639.
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\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u064a\u0631\u0639\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0646\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0639\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 (\u0622\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e\u060c 2005: 16). \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647: “\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0634\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u064a\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0629” (\u063530).
\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u060c \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0640\u0645\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0651\u064e\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0651\u064e\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 “\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0641”.
\u0648\u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u062e\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0641\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a (\u063511).
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0634\u064a. \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u064a\u0644\u0628\u064a \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627.
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0632\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/span>
\u062d\u0628\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0647 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0648\u063a\u0627\u062a (conditions of possibility) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062f\u0639\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0641\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0649 (\u063510)\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0647 (\u063514). \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 “\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a” \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0645\u0627 \u0637\u0631\u062d\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064e\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0631\u0633\u0651\u0650\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0641\u064a \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0628\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c 2012\u061b 2015). \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u0631\u0642 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0650\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0649 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0628\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0635 30).
\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 (essentialism). \u0641\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 -\u0623\u0648 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629- \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0636\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0642\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629.
\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1954\u0645<\/strong><\/span>
\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 (\u063535): “\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0641\u064a \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0647\u061b \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0642\u0641\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a”. \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647.
\u0648\u064a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u064b (\u063535): “\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0630\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0647”. \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0651\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0641\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 -\u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629:
Arda, S. A. (1994). The Establishment, Development and Features of the Turkish Banking Sector (Vakifbank), in BiliciFaruk. Le Waqf dans le monde Musulman contemporain), XIXe-XXe si\u00e8cles fonctions sociales, \u00e9conomiques et politiques, Istanbul: Institut fran\u00e7ais d’\u00e9tudes anatoliennes, actes de la table ronde d’Istanbul, 13-14 novembre 1992, collection Varia Turcica, 26, pp. 71-84.
\u0648\u0647\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 “\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a (\u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a)\u060c \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0633. \u0622\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0631\u062f\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a 13-14 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1992\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0636\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 “\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 (\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646): \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629”.
\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 -\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648- \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1909\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629:
Bayram, Sadi (1987). SultanRe\u015fadDevrindeEvkafBankas\u0131Kurulma\u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, Vak\u0131fHaftas\u0131Dergisi, 5 (1987), pp. 215-222.
\u0648\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 “\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f”\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0633\u0639\u062f\u064a \u0628\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0631\u062d\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 7 \u064814 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1987\u0645.
\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c (\u0635209): “\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0648\u0643”\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0635\u0631\u062d (\u0635140) \u0623\u0646 “\u062a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064b”. \u0641\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0626\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0633\u0643 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 (Bilici, 1996). \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:
\u0645\u062a\u0649 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0641\u064a\u061f
\u0648\u0623\u064a\u0646\u061f
\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627\u061f
\u0647\u0644 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f (iterative approach)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f\u061f
\u0623\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0647 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f (disruptive approach)\u061f
\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0640 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629:<\/strong><\/span>
\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f \u062c\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0634\u0627\u0639\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644: \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629.
\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0651\u062f \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0651 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:
\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u062c\u0623\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0631 (Biliciand Ammour, 1992)\u061f
\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f \u061f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0633\u0643 \u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (Bilici, 1996: 84).
\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u062c\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0648\u0642\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 (Bayram, 1987; Seyhun, 1992; Cizakca, 2004)\u061f
\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0637\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u061f
\u0647\u0644 \u0644\u062c\u0623\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0648\u0642\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u0623\u0631\u063a\u0645\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0651 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0624\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1909\u0645\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0625\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1924\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0625\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u061f
\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a:<\/strong><\/span>
\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a” (lslamic social finance)\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629” (non-bank financialinstitutions).
\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0648\u0642\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a (\u063559) \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0632\u0651\u0650\u0632 – \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649- \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 (\u06357)\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 (Bilici and Ammour, 1992).
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0637\u0631\u062d\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a -\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a-\u060c \u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 -\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0643\u0627\u0629- \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0636\u064a\u0651\u0642 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0650\u0643 \u0633\u0627\u0643\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0628\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646.
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\u0623\u0633\u0623\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0633\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0642\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0636\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064a\u0633\u0631 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0651\u062f \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0634\u062d\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0642\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0634\u064a:<\/strong><\/p>\n(1) \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u062f\u0631\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0633\u062f \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d.
(2) \u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0641\u062d\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a “\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627”\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647\u060c \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n
* \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0632\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632\u060c \u062c\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0631\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: <\/span>abelabes@kau.edu.sa<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0642\u0641\u0646\u0627 \u0640 24\/ 2\/ 1438 = 24\/ 11\/ 2016<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0641\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0645: \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c 1438 = 2016.\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0645\u0648\u0651\u064e\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0634\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0641\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062d\u064a \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0645. \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u062e\u0637\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[41],"tags":[795,240],"class_list":["post-2901","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category--ar","tag-795","tag-240"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack-related-posts":[],"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pbJST8-KN","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/waqfuna.com\/waqf\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2901","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/waqfuna.com\/waqf\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/waqfuna.com\/waqf\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/waqfuna.com\/waqf\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/waqfuna.com\/waqf\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2901"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/waqfuna.com\/waqf\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2901\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/waqfuna.com\/waqf\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2901"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/waqfuna.com\/waqf\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2901"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/waqfuna.com\/waqf\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2901"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
![\"\"](\"images\/stories\/1438\/balabbas.bmp\" "\\"\u0639\u0628\u062f")
\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0641\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0645: \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c 1438 = 2016.